Regarding the Cosmological Argument - 1564 Words

Regarding the Cosmological Argument The goal of the cosmological argument is to support the claim that God exists as the first cause of the universe. According to Nagel, the argument runs as following: (P1) Every event must have a cause. (P2) If every event must have a cause, event A must have a cause B, which in turn must have a cause C, and so on. (P3) There is no end to this backward progression of causes. (C1) This backward progression of causes will be an infinite series of event. (P4) An infinite series of events is unintelligible and absurd. (P5) The existence of the universe does not result from an unintelligible and absurd process. (P6) The existence of the universe does not result from an infinite series of events. (C2)†¦show more content†¦If God’s existence is not an event, then P1 (â€Å"Every event must have a cause†) does not apply to it and it is not necessary for God’s existence to have a cause, even if it is granted that every event is caused. Thus, Nagel’s argument that God’s existence must have a cause because every event must have a cause is not sound. Although the second part of Nagel’s objection, directed towards the response â€Å"God is self-caused,† is reasonable, it contains a small weakness. If God can be â€Å"self-caused,† and there is no sufficient reason as to why only God can cause itself to exist, then it is logical to think that the universe can also be self-caused. The weakness of this argument is the difference between God and the universe. The universe consists of all events and is inseparable from them. No event in the universe, so far, has been self-caused, thus many components of the universe demands a cause other than themselves. It is difficult to imagine the universe to be self-caused when so many of its components are not. God, on the other hand, is often thought to exist outside of the universe due to its timelessness. Similar to abstract objects such as numbers, God does not have a temporal location and its existence is not associated with any event. To imagine God to be self-caused do es not involve the same kind of difficulty as imagining the universe to be self-caused, since no part of God demands a cause other thanShow MoreRelatedThe Cosmological Argument643 Words   |  3 PagesThe Cosmological Argument An important argument to try and prove the existence of God is the Cosmological Argument brought on by observations of the physical universe, made by Saint Thomas Aquinas, a thirteenth century Christian philosopher. The cosmological argument is a result from the study of the cosmos; Aquinas borrows ideas from Aristotle to make this systematically organized argument. Aquinas’ first point begins with the observation that everything is moving. Aquinas’ says that everythingRead MoreClarke s Cosmological Argument On The Existence Of God1648 Words   |  7 Pages Clarke’s Cosmological argument has been around for multiple centuries—the purpose of this argument being to try to prove the existence of God. Although this argument sounds valid—meaning that â€Å"IF premises 1 and 2 are true, then the conclusion must be true† — while many people have accepted this argument, it has also caused a lot of questioning and skepticism, mainly because of what the Cosmological Argument uses to support its argument—the Principle of Sufficient reason. Before determining whetherRead MoreEssay On Anselm And Aquinas1413 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophers Anselm and Aquinas both endeavored to convince their peers through philosophical argument that the existence of God was irrefutable. In the process they made claims regarding the nature of God, concerning issues such as His character and being. Despite seeking to discover the same truth about God, Anselm and Aquinas approached the issue at hand in strikingly dissimilar w ays. Anselm’s primary argument for God’s existence is found in his literary work Proslogion which seeks to ontologicallyRead MoreThe Question Of God s Existence1575 Words   |  7 Pageshonest with myself, during many hard times I have questioned Gods existence myself. Arguments that have been used to support the existence of a divine being includes; the cosmological argument and the theological argument. However, there are some who oppose these arguments and philosopher H.J. McCloskey is among this group. In the article â€Å"On Being an Atheist† written by H.J. McCloskey, he argues that both these arguments are false and insufficient as it relates to â€Å"proof† of God’s existence. McCloskeyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article On Being An Atheist 1558 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen challenged by many philosophers and non-philosophers alike over the years. Arguments that have been used to support the existence of a divine being includes; the cosmologic al argument and the theological argument. However, there are some who oppose these arguments and philosopher H.J. McCloskey is among this group. In the article â€Å"On Being an Atheist† written by H.J. McCloskey, he argues that both these arguments are false and insufficient as it relates to â€Å"proof† of God’s existence. McCloskeyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article On Being An Atheist 1290 Words   |  6 PagesGod’s existence has been challenged by many philosophers and non-philosophers alike. Arguments that have been used to support the existence of a divine being includes the cosmological argument and the theological argument. However there are some who oppose these arguments and philosopher H.J. McCloskey is among this group. In the article â€Å"On Being an Atheist† written by H.J. McCloskey, he argues that both these arguments are false and insufficient as it relates to â€Å"proof† of God’s existence. McCloskeyRead MoreQuesti ons On An Argument On The Existence Of A Prime Mover, Or Creator ( Or God )1603 Words   |  7 PagesPart 1: Clarifying an Argument State the argument you find in Passage 1 in explicit premise-and-conclusion form. PASSAGE 1: (P1) Every event must have a cause. (P2) An infinite series of events is inconceivable. (P3) There must be a first cause. (C1) The first cause must have at least been the originator of the universe. (C2) The first cause is God. PASSAGE 2: Nagel’s Counterargument (P1) Positing the existence of a first cause does not explain away the infinite regressionRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article On Being An Atheist 1538 Words   |  7 PagesGod’s existence has been challenged by many philosophers and non-philosophers alike. Arguments that have been used to support the existence of a divine being includes the cosmological argument and the theological argument. However there are some who oppose these arguments and philosopher H.J. McCloskey is among this group. In the article â€Å"On Being an Atheist† written by H.J. McCloskey, he argues that both these arguments are false and insufficient as it relates to â€Å"proof† of God’s existence. McCloskeyRead MoreRegarding The Topic Of Theism, One Must Take Into Consideration1357 Words   |  6 PagesRegarding the topic of theism, one must take into consideration several factors when justifying or repudiating its reasonableness-- due to its subjective and therefore controversial na ture, it is quite difficult to say precisely whether theism is justified or otherwise. Personally, I am not convinced of either position yet, and as a recently converted Christian (in other words, I am still relatively new to the ideals surrounding western theology) both arguments seem plausible and require furtherRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article On Being An Atheist1136 Words   |  5 Pages H. J McCloskey in his article, On Being an Atheist, is trying to show the readers are more reasonable and comfortable belief than that of Christianity. In the article he also puts up an argument concerning two theistic point of which is the cosmological and teleological argument. McCloskey also talks about the problems resulting from all the evil in the world. He goes as far to point out this evil in a world the God had made and blames God for it. Due to that fact and other issues, he believes

Classical Management V Human Relations - 1640 Words

Classical v Human Relations Introduction In this report I will be looking at the pros and cons to a classical style management and the human relations style management. I will then be looking at Ikeas management style and which areas of each management style could be used to improve the performance of the management team and which areas work and should be retained by Ikea. IKEA is a well-known household name. They are an extremely popular business. They sell all kinds of household fittings form; the smallest t-spoon to huge double beds. IKEA first started in the 1940 s in a small farming village in southern Sweden where it was founded by Ingvar Kamprad- when he was 17. IKEA originally sold pens, wallets, picture frames,†¦show more content†¦2. Authority. Managers must be able to give orders. Authority gives them this right. Note that responsibility arises wherever authority is exercised. 3. Discipline. Employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organisation. Good discipline is the result of effective leadership, a clear understanding between management and workers regarding the organisation s rules, and the judicious use of penalties for infractions of the rules. 4. Unity of command. Every employee should receive orders from only one superior. 5. Unity of direction. Each group of organisational activities that have the same objective should be directed by one manager using one plan. 6. Subordination of individual interests to the general interest. The interests of any one employee or group of employees should not take precedence over the interests of the organisation as a whole. 7. Remuneration. Workers must be paid a fair wage for their services. 8. Centralisation. Centralisation refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making. Whether decision making is centralised (to management) or decentralised (to subordinates) is a question of proper proportion. The task is to find the optimum degree of centralisation for each situation. 9. Scalar chain. The line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks represents the scalar chain. Communications should follow this chain. However, if following the chain createsShow MoreRelatedEvaluating The Management Thinking, Compare And Contrast Humanistic And Classical Perspectives Of Management Essay1412 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Management practices and perspectives vary in response to social, political and economic forces in our society. When time passes, managers adopted different management perspectives to help their organisation cope with environment turbulence or changes. The importance for human being to comprehend the importance of management perspectives is to help each organisations achieve their goals by improving workers’ productivity and efficiency as well as keeping the organisationsRead MoreClassical Management Theory And The Classical Theory1503 Words   |  7 PagesThe Classical Management Theory entered the business world in the early nineteenth century, with an emphasis on increasing worker productivity. Developed by Frederick Taylor, the classical theory of management advocated a scientific study of tasks and the workers responsible for them. It was the foundation of many modern management theories and it aimed to improve operations within an organization. The Classical Management Theory was broken into three schools of thinking: Scientific management, whichRead MoreCritically Evaluate the Relevance of the Contingency Approach to Managing on the Managerial Work of the Manager You Interviewed.1639 Words   |  7 Pagescontingency approach to managing on the managerial work of the manager you interviewed. Jane Smith is the Director of Human Resources and Operations of a mid-sized (approx. 700 staff), ASX listed, insurance and wealth management firm – XYZ Wealth (pseudonyms have been used to respect the privacy of both the HRD and the firm involved). XYZ Wealth operates across Australia, with the management team based in Melbourne. Jane directly leads a team of seven HR and communication employees and five operationsRead MoreOrganizational Studies And Management Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pages Assessment No 1 Individual Essay Dispatched by and prepared for: HRM3008 Organisational Change B.A (Hons) Business and Management (Cohort 5) October 2014 Module Submitted By: Kavita Dhawan (UON ID 14439311) INTRODUCTION Management has been proficient a long time period. Organized endeavors focused by people accountable for planning, organizing, leading, and controlling undertakings have occurred for thousands of yearsRead MoreThe Classical Theory Of Management Theory1588 Words   |  7 Pages The Classical Management theory entered the business world in the early nineteenth century, with a goal on increasing worker productivity. Developed by Frederick Taylor, the classical theory of management advocated a scientific study of jobs and the workers in charge for them. It was the foundation of modern management theories and it aimed to improve operations within an organization. (Robbins Cutler, 2014). The Classical Management Theory was broken into three categories: Scientific ManagementRead MoreEssay about Classical vs Human Relations Approaches to Management1813 Words   |  8 PagesMANAGEMENT ESSAY INTRODUCTION This essay compares and contrasts the â€Å"Classical† and â€Å"Human Relations† approaches to management. It focuses on how these approaches are similar and compatible and looks at their differences and incompatibilities. It then explores how systems theory and contingency theory can reconcile the incompatibilities between the approaches. The essay is structured as follows. First, the essay shall explain the nature of the â€Å"Classical† and â€Å"Human Relations† approaches toRead MoreManagement Thoughts and Theories1727 Words   |  7 PagesMANAGEMENT THOUGHTS AND THEORIES The industrial revolution, which began in Europe in mid-1700s, was the starting point for the development of management concepts and theories. PRECLASSICAL CONTRIBUTORS TO MANAGENENT THOUGHT Name Period Contribution Robert Owen 1771- 1858 Proposed legislative reforms to improve working conditions of labor Charles Babbage 1792-1871 Advocated the concept of ‘division of labor; devised a profit-sharing plan which led to the modern-day Scanlon Plan AndrewRead MoreNeoclassical Organizational Theory: An Overview536 Words   |  2 PagesWar II. In a way, it could be viewed as reactionary to the classical organizational theory which developed earlier in the twentieth century as industry exploded. The rise of classical organizational theories had emphasized the organization as the machine and the workers as the gears (Yang, Liu, Wang, 2013). Once employee education improved and productivity developed, then the strict, rigid, and mechanical approach of the classical theories began to create problems (Yang et al., 2013). ThusRead MoreManagement School of Thought1542 Words   |  7 PagesManagement School of Thought:  During the present century, certain schools of management thought have developed. Each school reflects the problems of the period during which they were popular. Herold Koontz was the first who have attempted to classify the various approaches on the management in the schools of management theory. Based on the wr itings of some of the scholars and Koontz, the management thoughts, have been classified in the following schools of management theory. a) Management ProcessRead MoreManagement748 Words   |  3 Pagessucceed in management. In order to succeed in this competitive environment manager must have good people skills. Management Functions Planning / organizing / Leading and controlling Management roles Interpersonal : - Figurehead, leader , liaison Informational : - Monitor , spokesperson , disseminator Decisional : -Entrepreneur , Disturbance handler , recourse allocator Management Skills Technical / conceptual / Human skills Effective vs Successful manager Traditional management / networking

5 Claims Revised and Developed Free Essays

1) When Marji was inventing torture games, she was merely a product of the war environment. Marji lived in an environment surrounded by violence, anger, and most importantly war. She is a young girl and during school she invented a game where the loser would be punished with war punishments. We will write a custom essay sample on 5 Claims Revised and Developed or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of these punishments included the â€Å"mouth filled with garbage† method or the twisted arm method. While most kids may know the difference in right and wrong, Marji grew up in an area where she had no choice but to be brainwashed by society and the war. She heard about war tactics from her Uncle Anouche, she saw the violence on the streets, and she even saw dead bodies. Most young children only see those things on movies and video games, and even then they can be negatively affected. However, for a child to see these things daily she can only assume it is the norm. Marji was psychologically affected by the war and her environment, which led her to believe the terrible things she saw were normal, and thus it resulted in her being a product of her environment. 2) Marji chases and wants to attack Ramine. Ramine symbolizes the war, and Marji attacking him symbolizes Marji wanting to put an end to war. To Marji, Ramine symbolized the war, the evil, and all the conflicts in her country. Marji discovered that Ramine’s father killed people, which lead Marji into a rage. Marji chased after Ramine with nails between her fingers wanting to hurt him for what his father had done. She had no reason to be mad at Ramine because he had not killed anyone. However, she began to realize that the war was constantly showing up in her life and affecting her life. She was filled with anger, and she longed for the war and violence to be over. When she was trying to put an end to Ramine, symbolically she was trying to put an end to the war. 3) The torture game Marji invents shows her strong desire for power. In a country where no one has any power, Marji longs to have power. She devises a game at school where the loser gets punished with torture methods like the â€Å"mouth filled with garbage† method and the twisted arm method. She comes up with this idea because she sees the people in the war who have power use violence to gain that power. Although it is wrong to gain power that way, Marji has such a strong desire for power that she doesn’t care what she has to do to earn it. Marji ends up feeling so powerful that after school she stares at herself in the mirror and her reflection shows herself with devil horns. This demonstrates that not only does Marji want power, but she doesn’t care if the power comes with being evil. 4) By attempting to attack Ramine with nails, Marji believes violence is the way to obtain justice for what Ramine’s father did. When Marji found out that Ramine’s father killed people, she immediately wanted to obtain justice. She wanted the evil people to face the consequences and be punished. She rallied up her friends and they all put nails between their fingers and chased after Ramine. Marji could have gained justice a different way. She could have talked to Ramine’s father, but instead she chose violence. Marji chose this method because throughout the war they try to gain justice through violence. She heard of war tactics like the twisted arm method, and she knew those methods caused pain. She knew those tactics caused so much pain that they eventually caused regret in a person whose done wrong. Since Marji believed Ramine and his family had done wrong, she believed to gain justice she needed violence to do so. 5) Marji chasing after Ramine is simply a way for Marji to distract herself from her self-conflicting battles. Marji chases after Ramine with nails between her fingers. Although she claims she does it because Ramine’s father was evil, the true reason she did it is because she needed a distraction from her own conflicting battles. Marji struggles daily with who she is, how she identifies herself, and where she wants to be in life. Ramine, although young and highly affected by his father’s opinions, he knows who he wants to be, and he defends his father even though Marji and her friends are threatening him. Marji, on the other hand, doesn’t know where she wants to be, and she doesn’t know where she belongs. She fights battles with herself and that causes a lot of built up anger and frustration. Marji’s only solution was to take out her frustration on someone who she unknowingly is jealous of, which happened to be Ramine because he knows exactly what he believes in. How to cite 5 Claims Revised and Developed, Papers

Economics of Innovation Identities Shape

Question: Discuss about the Economics of Innovation for Identities Shape. Answer: Introduction Food and beverage manufacturing industry in Australia is the largest contributor to the countries` GDP. The industry constitutes about a third of all the countrys entire manufacturing sector. Products and resources in this industry are some of the products whose demand and supply keeps changing regularly. The changes in demand and supply of products in this sector have a very big impact of the stability of the economy in general (Arnold, 2010) In economics, demand is defined as the amount of goods or services that a given person is willing and capable of purchasing at the prevailing price and at that particular time (Bannered and Duflo,2011).This means that for demand to occur, the person must be both willing and capable of buying no that particular good or service. The increase in exports in the food and beverage industry in the country is an indication of increase in demand of the products in other countries. Supply is defined as the amount of goods or services that a producer of a certain good or service are willing and able to deliver to the market at the prevailing prices at that particular time. Willing to sell without the capability cannot qualify as demand and vice versa. The above statistics make prove that the industry is depended upon by very many people in the country. For this reason, it is important to explore the factors that drive demand and supply of goods in this industry. The essay discusses the factors that influence how much producers are willing and capable of delivering to the market as well as the amount buyers are willing and capable of purchasing at a given market price. An example of a resource that is used in the production of foods is the wheat and barley. According to the Australia Food and Grain report, the demand for wheat in Australia in the year 2016 was about 28 million metric tonnes.The supply for wheat in Australia was about 24 million metric tons. This means that there was a shortage in the country since the demand of the product exceeded the supply. Another resource that is commonly used in food manufacturing is barley. The production of wheat for the year 2016 in Australia was 8.5 million MT. There was a very slight change from the previous year when production was at 8.45 million MT. The yield per hectare was estimated to be around 2.0 MT. The demand for barley in Australia is less than the supply. This explains why the country exported 6 million metric tons of barley in the year 2016. The major factor affecting the demand of a resource or a particular good or service is the price (Russel, 2014). This is the basic determinant of demand and supply of any resource. This is what brought about the law of demand and supply. The price elasticity of any resource will determine the extent to which a unit change in price will affect the demand of the product. The following are the factors apart from price that might have caused the changes in demand of the above products; Consumers taste and preferences is also an important factor that determines the level of demand of a particular good. When consumers tastes and preferences match with what supply in the market, the demand for product will increase. If the tastes of the consumer do not match what the producers offer, the demand for the product will be low. Changes in tastes and preferences of a consumer change with time depending on factors such as fashion and the effects of advertisement. Tastes and preferences on goods such as wheat may result from health and nutritional concerns of the consumer. Another important factor affecting demand is the level of incomes of consumers. Rise in consumer incomes increases demand for products while a reduction in consumer incomes lowers their demand for products. This law however applies to normal goods only. Increase in income will increase the demand for a product by increasing the amount of disposable income. This will in turn improve the purchasing power of a consumer meaning that he/she will tend to consume more of the product. For example the increase of incomes for will increase their purchasing power which means they consume more beer. Increase in demand for beer will in turn cause the demand for barley to increase (Akerlof and Kranton, 2010). Changes in prices of related goods will also affect the demand for products that are consumed together. These products are referred to as complementary goods. Increase in price of one product will reduce its demand and therefore the demand of the other product will also increase. The number of consumers of a product in a particular market will affect the demand of that product. When the numbers of the people who consume a product increase, the demand of the product will also rise. The decrease in the number of people consuming a particular product will result to a decline in demand (Swann, 2009). The supply of any product is determined by the many different factors such as Seasonality in production. This mostly applies to goods which are seasonal in nature such that when its the pick season, the supply will be high and when it is off season, supply will reduce. Another factor that determines supply is the expected rise or fall of prices of a product in future. When suppliers expect the price to rise, they will hold their goods waiting for prices to increase hence increases in supply. Expected fall in prices will increase the supply in the short run. The cost of production is another very important determinant of supply. When per unit costs of production are high, producers will produce less hence the supply will decline. Low costs of production will mean higher profits margins for producers hence leading to a rise in demand (Eisenstein, 2011). Other factors that determine the supply of a product are technology, government policy and price of related goods. Conclusion The supply and demand of a particular product varies from time to time and from place to place depending on different factors. The factors that affect the level of demand and supply of a product ranging from price will determine whether there is surplus, shortage or equilibrium state. Factors affecting demand and supply in one industry may not affect the same in another. An example is that weather affects the production of agricultural product but does not affect the supply of cement in the market. Changes in consumer tastes and preferences have also had tremendous impact on level of demand and supply of a given product. This calls for producers to stay in touch with the changing trends in order to maintain high demand for their products. References: Eisenstein, Charles. Sacred Economics: Money, Gift, Society in the Age of Transition. Berkeley, Calif: Evolver Editions, 2011. Internet resource. Arnold, Roger A. Economics. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. Banerjee, Abhijit V, and Esther Duflo. Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty. New York: PublicAffairs, 2011. Print. Russel, . The Economics of the Roman Stone Trade. Corby: Oxford University Press, 2014. Print. Akerlof, George A, and Rachel E. Kranton. Identity Economics: How Our Identities Shape Our Work, Wages, and Well-Being. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010. Internet resource. Samuelson, Paul A, and William D. Nordhaus. Economics. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill, 2010. Print. Swann, G M. P. The Economics of Innovation: An Introduction. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2009. Internet resource.